Why Does Saturn Have Rings Around It

Saturns striking rings make it one of the most beautiful objects for stargazers to pick out in the skies. The magnificent ring system is visible even through a small telescope, although not with a great deal of detail. The best views have come from spacecraft, such as the Voyagers, and the Cassini missions. From these close encounters, planetary scientists have gained a great deal of information that helps illuminate the origin, motions, and evolution of Saturns rings.   Key Takeaways Saturns rings are made largely of ice, interspersed with dust particles.  Saturn boasts six major ring systems, with divisions between them.The rings may have formed when a small moon wandered too close to Saturn and broke into pieces, but particles may have come from stray comets or asteroids, too.The rings are thought to be fairly young, only a few hundred million years old, and according to NASA, they could dissipate in the next hundred million years or so. Through a telescope, the rings of Saturn almost look solid. Some early astronomers, such as Jean-Dominique Cassini, were able to identify what looked like gaps or breaks in the rings. The largest of these was named after the famed astronomer, the Cassini Division. At first, people thought the breaks were empty areas, but 20th-century spacecraft views showed them to be filled with material, too.   How Many Rings Does Saturn Have? There are six major ring regions. The main ones are the A, B, and C rings. The others, D (the closest one), E, F, and G are much fainter. A map of the rings shows them in the following order, starting at just above the surface of Saturn and moving outward: D, C, B, Cassini Division, A, F, G, and E (the most distant).  Theres also a so-called Phoebe ring that is the same distance as the moon Phoebe.  The rings are named alphabetically according to the order in which they were discovered. This image made by the Cassini spacecraft captures nearly the entire ring systems various regions. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain The rings are broad and thin, with the widest extending up to 282,000 kilometers (175,000 miles) from the planet, but only a few tens of feet thick in most places. There are thousands of rings in the system, each made up of billions of bits of ice that orbit the planet. The ring particles are made largely of very pure water ice. Most pieces are fairly small, but some are the size of mountains or even small cities.  We can see them from Earth because theyre bright and reflect a lot of sunlight.   Artists conception of clumping ring material in orbit around Saturn. Some ring particles are large while others are small. NASA/JPL/University of Colorado/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain Ring particles are kept in place by gravitational interactions with each other and with small moons embedded in the rings. These shepherding satellites ride herd on the ring particles. How Saturn Got Its Rings While scientists have always known that Saturn has rings, they do not know how long the rings have existed and when they came into being. There are two main theories. Born This Way, Theory One For many years, scientists assumed that the planet and its rings came into being early in the history of the solar system. They believed the rings were created from existing materials: dust particles, rocky asteroids, comets, and large ice boulders. That theory held sway until the first spacecraft explorations made by the Voyager missions beginning in 1981. Images and data showed changes in the rings, even over short time periods. The Cassini Mission provided additional information that scientists are still analyzing, indicating that ring particles are lost over short time periods. Another clue about the age of the rings comes from the very pure water-ice makeup of the particles. Scientists argue that this means the rings are much, much younger than Saturn. Older ice particles would be darkened by dust over time. If thats true, then the rings we see now may not date back to Saturns origins. A Broken Moon, Theory Two Alternatively, the current ring system might have been created when a moon the size of Mimas strayed too close to Saturn about 200 million years ago and broke apart, due to Saturns immense gravity. The resulting pieces then would have fallen into orbit around Saturn, creating the rings we see today. Its possible that this moon breakup scenario has played out many times over the 4.5 billion year lifespan of the planet. The rings we see today are just the most recent set, according to this theory. Its also possible that a very early Titan-like world could have been involved in the creation of the rings, forming a system much larger and more massive than the ones seen today. Did You Know? Saturn is not the only planet with rings. Giant Jupiter, mysterious Uranus, and chilly Neptune have them as well. No matter how they formed, Saturns rings continue to change over time, gaining material as smaller objects wander too close. Based on data collected during the Cassini mission, scientists think that the rings attract interplanetary dust, which helps replenish materials that are lost over time.  Activity within the rings by the shepherding moons also causes changes in the rings. This collection of Cassini images provides context for understanding the location and scale of propeller-shaped features observed within Saturns A ring. NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain The Future of Saturns Rings Scientists have a number of theories on how the current rings might dissipate, but most agree they probably wont last very long. New rings would form only if something got close enough to get torn apart.  Other smaller particles, while being herded by the nearby moons, might spread out to space and be lost to the system. As the moons themselves migrate outward, the ring particles they herd will spread out. Particles could rain into Saturn, or dissipate to space. In addition, bombardment by and collisions with meteoroids could knock particles out of orbit. Over time, these actions could cause the rings to lose mass and eventually disappear completely. Cassini data point to the idea that the current rings might be a few hundred million years old at the very most. They may only last another hundred million years before dissipating to space or into the planet. That means Saturns rings are ephemeral when compared to the planet itself, and that the planet could have had many sets of rings as smaller worlds wandered too close over Saturns lifetime. One thing scientists do agree on — time means different things for the lifetime of a planet, and we will be able to appreciate Saturns stunning rings for many millennia more. Sources Grossman, Lisa. â€Å"Saturns Rings Might Be Shredded Moons.† Science News for Students, January 24, 2018.   How thick are Saturns rings? Reference Desk, Hubblesite. Saturn. NASA, April 25, 2019. Steigerwald, Bill. NASA Research Reveals Saturn is Losing Its Rings at Worst-Case-Scenario Rate. Nancy Jones, NASA, December 17, 2018, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Hydrogen A Utile Element Essay - 644 Words

Elements are the basic building blocks of matter due to the fact that they are chemically the simplest substances. Whether we can find them in the air or in our gold/silver necklaces, elements are everywhere! One essential element is hydrogen, the first element on the period table (located under Group 1 as an alkaline metal) is composed of a single proton and electron; therefore having an atomic number and atomic mass of 1 and electron configuration of 1s1. In fact, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most commonly found chemical element in the universe (it makes up about 90% of the universe by weight). Interestingly enough, the heavier elements on the periodic table were either made from hydrogen or other elements that were made†¦show more content†¦In 1839, Sir William Robert Grove, a British scientist, conducted several experiments on electrolysis involving hydrogen. In his experiments, he used electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. He also argued that y ou could reverse electrolysis by generating electricity through the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen (called the fuel cell effect) through his experiments. In addition to the discovery of hydrogen, Harold Urey discovered deuterium gas (a heavy isotope of hydrogen) in 1931. Finally, in 1953, the United States formed the NASA, in which uses the most liquid hydrogen worldwide for rocket propulsion as well as fuel for fuel cells. Hydrogen has received a lot of attention as a renewable and environmentally friendly source of energy. One of the most vital use of hydrogen is to create water, in which every organism living on Earth needs in order to survive. Hydrogen is also used in many food industries in hydrogenated oils and fats, which forms margarine from vegetable oil, prolonging shelf life of foods. In addition, since hydrogen is a source for clean fuel, it is found in many power generators as well as several sources of energy, such as being a fuel source for vehicles since it doesnt p roduce any harmful greenhouse gases. Furthermore, tritium (one of hydrogens radioactive isotopes), is produced nuclear reactors, production of the hydrogen bomb, and as a tracer isotope.

Main reasons for Drive towards Equality in Men and Women Free Essays

Abstract The 20th Century saw great advances in equality politics between men and women, particularly in the Western world. These reforms must have had political triggers, but what were the key drivers towards equal opportunitiesThis essay will argue that reform in Britain was the result of previous political action in the 19th Century, accompanied by the catalyst on extenuating circumstances during World War I and World War II. Precedents will be examined to determine what action preceded suffrage and prove that the war effort served to prove the capabilities and value of women in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Main reasons for Drive towards Equality in Men and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 20th Century was a significant turning point in the battle for equality of the sexes across the globe. Every country and nation has moved at it’s own pace in delivering equal opportunities to its citizens, but the 20th Century saw many breakthroughs, particularly in the Western world. This essay shall examine the key drivers and motives behind this equality reform with particular focus on British politics. I will argue that the key drivers towards reform were the building political pressure set in place in the 19th Century and the impact of the First and Second World War on society. Although major reforms such as women’s suffrage took place in the early 1900’s these political amendments were not a brand new issue. The changes in the 20th Century were preceded by increasing political action throughout the latter half of the 19th Century. Women started to rebel against the double standard inherent in the â€Å"separate spheres† ideology which had been enforced for hundreds of years, excluding from public life and confining them to a more domestic existence.[1] However it is a fallacy that women remained completely absent from political life during these years, as middle class women often played supporting roles for their husbands.[2] Towards the end of the 19th Century women such as Josephine Butler, Lydia Becker and Elizabeth Wolstenholme paved the way for reform by breaking with traditional gender roles and becoming politically active in the public sphere.[3] Campaigns such as the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts 1860-1886 and for Marr ied Women’s Property Rights saw great victories for women’s political activism which encouraged women to fight for their civil rights and influenced the suffrage movement.[4] The women’s suffrage movement that took place in the first two decades of the 20th Century was arguably the most important step towards equality of the sexes. However the campaign launched by women such as Emmeline Pankhurst actually did very little to change the laws. Pankhurst held radical feminist views[5], describing herself in her autobiography as â€Å"militant† and her work as a â€Å"woman’s revolution.†[6] This militant behaviour did little to win over the favour of the government, but did succeed in keeping the issue of women’s equality in the public eye. It was the more endearing behaviour of women during the World Wars, especially the First World War 1914-1918, that proved the value of women and gained them additional rights and equality. The First World War disrupted the campaigns of women greatly as supporting the troops took precedent. However new campaigns soon surfaced as women demanded the right to aid in the war effort. A large demonstration was held in Londonin 1915 as women protested for their â€Å"right-to-serve† in non-combat industries such as munitions factories.[7] Also in 1915 a certificate was issued to the ‘Women’s Land Army’, stating that any woman who laboured in agriculture during the war is â€Å"as truly serving her country as the man who is fighting in the trenches.†[8] Between 1915 and 1918 over one million women became employed in industries helping the war effort.[9] Some women were even brave enough to enter the battlefields as doctors, nurses and surgeons, risking their own lives for their country.[10] Women’s activities during the war not only proved their level of courage and loyalty through national service, but also showed that their abilities g reatly outweighed that which had previously been attributed to them. An agriculture report from 1918 testified that women’s ‘shortcomings’ were â€Å"the result of want of training rather than that of zeal or capacity.†[11] In recognition of their toBritain women over 30 were given the right to vote in 1918. The law was extended to any woman over the age of 21 in 1928. By the Second World War women had achieved suffrage and were now in a position to fight for more mundane but significant civil rights, which would not have previously been an option to them. In 1941 women fought against the poor quality of accommodation awarded to them when they were once again employed heavily in the war effort.[12] This demonstrates how far the rights of women had progressed to become equal with that of men: their value and contributions to the nation had become recognised, allowing them the power and right to fight for equality and better standards of living. Women also became skilled labourers due to the training they received in war-time occupation, allowing them to carve a niche for themselves in industry in times of peace and cementing an economic role for women.[13] The pattern of revolution displayed by Britainthroughout the 20th Century is mirrored in other Western cultures. Canadian women won the vote in 1918 also, and women in the US won the right to vote in 1920. These achievements were also following years of preceding activism on behalf of women, during which time they campaigned for birth control rights[14] and took part in philanthropic movements. Yet it was the contribution of women to the war efforts that lead to the reform of civil rights at the end of the 1910s. In conclusion the main drivers towards men and women’s equality in Britainin the 20th Century were the extenuating circumstances created by the First and Second World War. Women had begun to prove their worth in the public sphere during the 19th Century by implementing social reform, and they continued to display courage and ability when such qualities were desperately needed during the World Wars. Although other Western cultures were influenced by the war in similar circumstances there are still many countries worldwide in which women are treated as inferior to men. Bibliography Primary Certificate issued to members of the Women’s Land Army, 1915 (PRO ref: MAF 42/8), sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012 Extract from the Report of the Board of Agriculture, October 1918, (PRO ref: MAF 59/2) sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012. Extracts from the Report of the War Cabinet committee on Women In Industry, published in 1919, (PRO ref: MUN 5/88/342/18), ), sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012 Fawcett, Millicent G., What I Remember (London, 1925) Hart, R A. (2009). ‘Did British women achieve long?term economic benefits from working in essential WWII industries?’. Stirling Economics Discussion Paper # 4006, sourced from ‘https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/797/1/SEDP-2009-05-Hart.pdf.’, access date10/09/12. Pankhurst, Emmeline, My Own Story, (London, 1914) The Illustrated London News, July 24, 1915.- 109, sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf, access date 10/09/2012 Secondary Chalus, Elaine, ‘Elite Women, Social Politics, and the Political World of Late Eighteenth-Century England’, The Historical Journal, 43, 3 (2000) Dawson, Sandra Trudgen, ‘Busy and Bored: The Politics of Work and Leisure for Women Workers in the Second World War British Government Hostels’, Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2010). Kennedy, David M., Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger, (Yale University, 1970). Purvis, June, Pankhurst: A Biography, (Routledge, 2002) Roberts, M. J. D., ‘Feminism and the State in Later Victorian England’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1995) Smith, Angela K., Suffrage Discourse in Britain during the First World War, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2005). Vickery, Amanda, ‘Historiographical Review: Golden Age to Separate SpheresA Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women’s History’, The Historical Journal, 36, 2 (1993) [1] Amanda Vickery, ‘Historiographical Review: Golden Age to Separate SpheresA Review of the Categories and Chronology of English Women’s History’, The Historical Journal, 36, 2 (1993), p. 401 [2] Elaine Chalus, ‘Elite Women, Social Politics, and the Political World of Late Eighteenth-Century England’, The Historical Journal, 43, 3 (2000), p. 670 [3] M. J. D. Roberts, ‘Feminism and the State in Later Victorian England’, The Historical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Mar., 1995), p. 89 [4] Millicent G. Fawcett, What I Remember (London, 1925), p. 118 [5] June Purvis, Pankhurst: A Biography, (Routledge, 2002), p. 7 [6] Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story, (London, 1914), introduction [7] The Illustrated London News, July 24, 1915.- 109, sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf, access date 10/09/2012 [8] Certificate issued to members of the Women’s Land Army, 1915 (PRO ref: MAF 42/8), sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012 [9] Extracts from the Report of the War Cabinet committee on Women In Industry, published in 1919, (PRO ref: MUN 5/88/342/18), ), sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012 [10] Angela K. Smith, Suffrage Discourse in Britain during the First World War, (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2005), p. 78 [11] Extract from the Report of the Board of Agriculture, October 1918, (PRO ref: MAF 59/2) sourced at ‘http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/pdf/complete_g4_cs4.pdf’, access date10/09/2012 [12] Sandra Trudgen Dawson, ‘Busy and Bored: The Politics of Work and Leisure for Women Workers in the Second World War British Government Hostels’, Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (2010), p. 33 [13] Hart, R A. (2009). ‘Did British women achieve long?term economic benefits from working in essential WWII industries?’. Stirling Economics Discussion Paper # 4006, sourced from ‘https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/797/1/SEDP-2009-05-Hart.pdf.’, access date10/09/12. [14] David M. Kennedy, Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger, (Yale University, 1970) How to cite Main reasons for Drive towards Equality in Men and Women, Essay examples

Emerging Innovation and Technologies for Social Media in Tourism

Question: Discuss about theEmerging Innovation and Technologies for Social Media in Tourism. Answer: Introduction The social media which includes the YouTube, Twitter, Facebook and whats app greatly uses the Internet to facilitate communication and therefore, has an impact on strategic decisions and marketing regarding the tourism industry. Therefore, the communication through social media facilitates the engagement of the consumers and it enhances the progress of the Information Technology increasing the social networking of the individuals (Davis et al, 2013). For this reason, various practitioners are attracted and hence devote their time to investigate significant effects and roles of social media in the tourism industry. For this paper, I have integrated various articles which are related to the social media in the analysis of the content. Materials and Methods I identified various articles which contain information regarding social media and tourism from various websites such as the Complete Tourism Database, the Google Scholar and Web of Science (Hoffman Novak, 2012). To obtain a comprehensive overview of the research topic and the literature regarding tourism, main words of the social media, tourism, social sites for networking and travel were put into consideration to acquire information from articles which were published between 2010 to 2016 include some journals which include Journal of Maintainable Tourism, Tourism Management, Research Travel, Contemporary issues in Tourism Industry and Annals of Research in Tourism. A thorough process of review was employed to analyze the articles as well as the content analysis technique (Mkono Tribe, 2016). I also developed a framework as seen in Table 1below in the supplier, consumer and research perspective prior to the analysis for this research paper. Another Table 2 also indicates the theor etical view of social media in tourism. Table 1 Subject in % CIT N=2 JTR N=9 AOT N=3 TM N=17 Total N=31 Consumer Perspective Use of Social Media Attitude Motivations Satisfaction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.0 0.0 0.0 35.3 17.6 5.9 5.9 19.4 16.1 3.2 3.2 Suppliers dimension Promotion Communication Product distribution 0.0 0.0 1 50.0 0.0 33.3 22.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 22.0 12.9 0.0 9.7 Tourism Research Research Method 0.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 Not that the abbreviations CIT, JTR, TM, and AOT stands for Contemporary problems in the Tourism, Journal regarding Research Travel, Management Tourism and Annals of Tourism respectively. Table 2 Perspective Theory Consumer Information Theory. Technology acceptance Theory, Protection motivation Theory and Herzbergs motivationhygiene model (6.4%), Expectation model 3.2%, Social cognitive 3.2%, no specific models 35.4%. Supplier Stakeholder network model 3.2%. Moral Affordance theory 3.2% Research no specific models 3.2% Results By investigating the table above, I realized that 54.8% journals entailed Tourism Management and above 29% of the articles used were written in the Research Journal which regards Travel. Basing the argument with Leung et al, 2013, the article indicated that several studies concerning social media in tourism were written from the perspective of the supplier. In addition, it was clear that other articles which have been written recently focus on travelers and the consumer perspectives. Comparing Kaplan and Haenlein 2010, the study indicated that 74.2% social media articles based on the behavior of the consumer in tourism unlike what was indicated in the Leung et al 2013 (Kaplan Haenlein, 2010). Both online and the offline use of social media was put into consideration as well the attitudes, engagement, and search of information. It is clear that in the theoretical view less effort is put to develop theories which predict the concept of social media in tourism. Mostly, the theory concerning technical acceptance was used in the context of this paper. The theories regarding motivation and the commitment were used past the studies regarding tourism which were also used in this research paper (Leung et al, 2013). Also, the theories which were sociology-based which include the social identity model were employed in the same research to explain the concept of social media in tourism. Discussion This study reviewed articles which were published between 2011 and 2016 regarding social media in tourism. In the same study various research topics, methods, and theories which were discussed in the articles were discussed in the research. It is clear that for this research paper, I presented the literature surrounding social media in tourism. A reviewed framework and the processes were explored in this research to review studies such as the Leung et al 2013 and Kaplan and Haenlein 2010. However, the articles lacked a proper development of theories since there were no new theories to explain the phenomenon regarding social media in tourism hence the theories in the future should focus to develop new theories (Oh, Kim Shin, 2004). In addition, the articles employed the qualitative research hence the future studies should focus on both the qualitative and quantitative methods of research regarding the social media in tourism. Conclusion In conclusion, this research paper explored various sites for social network which include YouTube, Facebook, Blogs and Twitter. It is evident that the social media was used as a stage for information within the tourism industry. However, the main challenge is that the opinions of the customers, expressions and the thoughts are not presented and hence may cause negative criticisms. Therefore, individuals need to apply social media differently within the Industry concerned with Tourism to minimize spammers as well as other unimportant messages which may impact the Tourism industry (Xiang Gretzel, 2010). However, through the good usage of the social media, the field of tourism can keep theer customers posted with the sufficient information. References Benckendorff, P. J., Sheldon, P. J., Fesenmaier, D. R. (2014). Social media and tourism.Tourism information technology, (Ed. 2), 120-147. Davis, D. F., Golicic, S. L., Boerstler, C. N., Choi, S., Oh, H. (2013). Does marketing research suffer from methods myopia?.Journal of Business Research,66(9), 1245-1250. Hoffman, D. L., Novak, T. P. (2012). Toward a deeper understanding of social media. Kaplan, A. M., Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media.Business horizons,53(1), 59-68. Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H., Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), 3-22. Mkono, M., Tribe, J. (2016). Beyond reviewing: Uncovering the multiple roles of tourism social media users.Journal of Travel Research, 0047287516636236. Oh, H., Kim, B. Y., Shin, J. H. (2004). Hospitality and tourism marketing: recent developments in research and future directions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,23(5), 425-447. Xiang, Z., Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search.Tourism management,31(2), 179-188.